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Layer-1 blockchains have three sources of funding for the validators supporting their networks: unlocked tokens from the total supply, minting of new tokens and network fees paid by the users. We explore major Layer-1 blockchains to find out how sustainable are their models without token subsidies, pros and cons of different approaches to crypto economy.

The ERC-721 standard and OpenZeppelin's implementation allow safe and reliable buying and selling of NFTs with escrow services. We can send an NFT to an escrow, check if an NFT has been delegated to an escrow, and remove an NFT from escrow. The escrow account holder can execute a transfer to a new owner. Using escrow allows all the parties to agree when the...